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Khwarezm - Wikipedia Aral. Sea. Ustyurt. Plateau. Kyzylkum. Khwarazm. Karakum. The Khwarazm oasis on a satellite image from 2.

Khwarezm or Chorasmia (Persian: . It was the center of the Iranian. Today Khwarezm belongs partly to Uzbekistan, partly to Kazakhstan and partly to Turkmenistan. Names and etymology.

Bosworth, however, believes the Persian name to be made up of xor (. Another view is that the Iranian compound stands for . Various forms of khwar/khar/khor/hor are commonly used also in the Persian Gulf to stand for tidal flats, marshland, or tidal bays (e. Khor Musa, Khor Abdallah, Hor al- Azim, Hor al- Himar, etc.)The name also appears in Achaemenid inscriptions as Huvarazmish, which is declared to be part of the Persian Empire. Some of the early scholars believed Khwarezm to be what ancient Avestic texts refer to as Airyanem Vaejah (Ariyaneh Waeje; later Middle Persian. Iran vij). University of Hawaii historian Elton L.

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Daniel believes Khwarezm to be the . B. C., well before the Seleucid era) when the hero of the Iranian epic Siyavash came to Khwarezm; his son Kay Khusraw came to the throne 9.

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B. C. Al- Biruni starts giving names only with the Afrighid line of Khwarazmshahs, having placed the ascension of Afrighids in 6. Seleucid era, i. e.

Early Iron Age states arose from this cultural exchange. List of successive cultures in Khwarezm region 3.

BC. 3. 00. 0 BCSuyargan Culture c 2. BCTazabag’yab Culture c. BCAmirabad Culture c 1. BCSaka c. 5. 00 BCDuring the final Saka phase, there were about 4. Khwarezm. It was at this point that Khwarezm entered the historical record with the Achamenid expansion.

Other than the astronomical terms used by the native Iranian Chorasmian speaker Al- Biruni. The famous scientist Al- Biruni, a Khwarezm native, in his Athar ul- Baqiyah. The Iranian Chorasmian language and culture felt the pressure of Turkic infiltration from northern Khwarezm southwards, leading to the disappearance of the original Iranian character. While he was dying, he appointed his son Smerdis/Bardiya as the governor of the region, along with Bactriana, Carmania, and the other eastern provinces of the empire.

The king's emissary offered to lead Alexander's armies against his own enemies, west over the Caspian towards the Black Sea (e. Kingdom of Iberia and Colchis). Alexander politely refused. Although largely independent during the Seleucid, Bactrian and Arsacid dynasties, it is known that Khwarezm and neighboring Bactriana were part of the Sassanid empire during the time of Bahram II. Yaqut al- Hamawi verifies that Khwarezm was a regional capital of the Sassanid empire. When speaking of the pre- Islamic .

It was also vassal kingdom during periods of Kushans, Hephthalites and Gokturks before coming of Arabs. Afrighids. Sometimes it was under Sassanid control. In 7. 12 Khwarezm was conquered by the Arab. Umayyads. It thus came vaguely under Muslim suzerainty, but it was not until the end of the 8th century or the beginning of the 9th century that an Afrighid Shah was first converted to Islam appearing with the popular convert’s name of . In the course of the 1. Istakhri in his Al- Masalik wa- l- mamalik mention Khwarezm as part of Khorasan and Transoxiania, the local family of the Ma'munids who were based in Gurganj, on the left bank of the Amu Darya grew in economic and political importance due to trade caravans. In 9. 95, they violently overthrew the Afrighids of Kath and themselves assumed the traditional title of Khwarazm- Shah.

Briefly, the area was under Samanid suzerainty, before it passed to Mahmud of Ghazna in 1. From then on, Turco- Mongolian invasions and long rule by Turco- Mongol dynasties supplanted the Iranian character of the region. Sultan Muhammad died after retreating from the Mongols near the Caspian Sea, while his son Jalal ad- Din, after defeat by Genghis Khan at the Battle of Indus sought refuge with the Delhi Sultanate, and was later assassinated after various attempts to fight both the Mongols and the Seljuks. Modern age. The Khanate on the map surrounds the Aral Sea (depicted as much smaller than it actually was in those days) and includes much of the today's Kazakhstan's and Turkmenistan's Caspian coast. The region of Khwarezm was split between the White Horde and Jagatai Khanate, and its rebuilt capital Gurganj (modern Kunya Urgench, .

In the mid- 1. 4th century Khwarezm gained independence from the Golden Horde under the Sufid dynasty. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand, and over the course of 5 campaigns, he destroyed Urganch completely in 1. This together with a shift in the course of the Amu- Darya caused the center of Khwarezm to shift to Khiva, which became in the 1.

Khanate of Khiva, ruled over by the dynasty of the Arabshahids. The discovery of gold on the banks of the Amu Darya during the reign of Russia's Peter the Great, together with the desire of the Russian Empire to open a trade route to the Indus (modern day Pakistan), prompted an armed trade expedition to the region, led by Prince Alexander Bekovich- Cherkassky, which was repelled by Khiva. It was under Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III that serious efforts to annex the region started. One of the main pretexts to Russian military expeditions to Khiva was to free Russian slaves in the khanate and to prevent future slave capture and trade.

Early in The Great Game, Russian interests in the region collided with those of the British Empire in the First Anglo- Afghan War in 1. The Khanate of Khiva was gradually reduced in size from Russian expansion in Turkestan (including Khwarezm) and, in 1. Khiva as a quasi- independent Russian protectorate. After the Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution, a short- lived Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before in 1. Soviet Union, with the former Khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR, Uzbek SSR and Karakalpakstan ASSR (initially part of Kazakh ASSR as Karakalpak Oblast).

The larger historical area of Khwarezm is further divided. Northern Khwarezm became the Uzbek SSR, and in 1.

Turkmen SSR. Also, in 1. Kazakh SSR. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1. Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan respectively. Many of the ancient Khwarezmian towns are situated currently in Xorazm Province, Uzbekistan. Today, the area that was Khwarezm has a mixed population of Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Turkmens, Persians, Tatars, and Kazakhs. In Persian literature. Dehkhoda for example defines the name Bukhara itself as .

Rumi verifies this when he praises the city as such: Other examples illustrate the eminent status of Khwarezmid and Transoxianian cities in Persian literature in the past 1. The city, however, was destroyed during several invasions, in particular when the Mongol army broke the dams of the Amu Darya which flooded the city. He reports that for every Mongol soldier, four inhabitants of Gurganj were killed.

Najmeddin Kubra, the great Sufi master, was among the casualties. The Mongol army that devastated Gurganj was estimated to have been near 8. The verse below refers to an early previous calamity that fell upon the region: ! The following famous cosmopolitanode perhaps best provides a notable example of this. Encyclopedia Iranica, Chorasmia, Yuri Aleksandrovich Rapoport^Yaqut al- Hamawi, Mu'jam al- buld. Bosworth, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol IV, 1.

Bahram Farahvoshi. Iranovich, Tehran University Press. Tarikh- i Ijtima'i Iran- i Bastan (The social history of ancient Iran), 1. Daniel, The History of Iran.

They have been enhanced by the translation into the Arabic language and have as a result insinuated themselves into men's hearts, and the beauty of this language has commingled with these sciences in our veins and arteries. And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native.

Chorasmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba. Accessed at 1. 0 November 2. Retrieved 2. 9 July 2. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.

III, Part 2, Cambridge 1. The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, .

Turan thus became both an ethnic and a geographical term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 7. End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M.

Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1.

Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization. Nasser Takmil Homayoun.

Kharazm: What do I know about Iran? Simonov^British Museum Collection^C. E. Bosworth, “The Ghaznavids” in History of Civilization: Central Asia in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement : A. D. 7. 50 to the End of the Fifteenth Century : Part One : The Historical Social and Economic Setting/edited by M. S. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1.

Excerpt from page 1. The ancient Iranian kingdom of Khwarazm had been ruled until 9. Afrighids of Kath, but control subsequently passed to the new line of Khwarazm Shahs, the Ma'munids of Gurganj”^ abc. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Columbia University, 1.

Biran, Michel, The empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2. Sources. 1. 21–1.

Robin Lane Fox. Alexander the Great, pp. Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis & Muhammad Reza Mirab Agahi. History of Khorezm (Leiden: Brill) 1. Yuri Bregel. West, Barbara A. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania.

Retrieved March 1.

Free Will Astrology. Getting Closer to Waking Up(Excerpted from the revised and expanded edition of Pronoia Is the Antidote for Paranoia. To hear a podcast version of this text, go here.)DEFINITION: Pronoia is the antidote for paranoia. It's the understanding that the universe is fundamentally friendly. It's a mode of training your senses and intellect so you're able to perceive the fact that life always gives you exactly what you need, exactly when you need it. OBJECTIVE OF PRONOIA: To explore the secrets of becoming a wildly disciplined, fiercely tender, ironically sincere, scrupulously curious, aggressively sensitive, blasphemously reverent, lyrically logical, lustfully compassionate Master of Rowdy Bliss.

HYPOTHESES: Evil is boring. Love is an act of heroic genius. Pleasure is your birthright. Receptivity is a superpower. PROCEDURE: Act as if the universe is a prodigious miracle created for your amusement and illumination. Assume that secret helpers are working behind the scenes to assist you in turning into the gorgeous masterpiece you were born to be. Join the conspiracy to shower all of creation with blessings.

GUIDING QUESTION: . And the most important thing is - - it must be something you cannot possibly do. Downtown: The Aftermath stream online with subtitles 1440. Confess profound secrets to people who aren't particularly interested.

Pray for the success of your enemies while you're making love. Change your name every day for a thousand days. MYTHIC ROLE MODELS: Prometheus and Pronoia. In Greek mythology, Pronoia was the consort of Prometheus, the divine rebel who pilfered a glowing coal from his fellow gods so that he could slip the gift of fire to humans. TOP- SECRET ALLIES: Sacred janitors, benevolent pranksters, apathy debunkers, lyrical logicians, ethical outlaws, aspiring masters of curiosity, homeless millionaires, humble megalomaniacs, hedonistic midwives, lunatic saints, sly optimists, mystical scientists, dissident bodhisattvas, macho feminists, and socialist libertarians who possess inside information about the big bang. DAILY PRACTICE: Push hard to get better, become smarter, grow your devotion to the truth, fuel your commitment to beauty, refine your emotional intelligence, hone your dreams, negotiate with your shadow, cure your ignorance, shed your pettiness, heighten your drive to look for the best in people, and soften your heart - - even as you always accept yourself for exactly who you are with all of your so- called imperfections.

POSSIBLE REWARDS: You will be able to claim the rewards promised you at the beginning of time - - not just any old beauty, wisdom, goodness, love, freedom, and justice, but rather: exhilarating beauty that incites you to be true to yourself; crazy wisdom that immunizes you against the temptation to believe your ideals are ultimate truths; outrageous goodness that inspires you to experiment with irrepressible empathy; generous freedom that keeps you alert for opportunities to share your wealth; insurrectionary love that endlessly transforms you; and a lust for justice that's leavened with a knack for comedy, keeping you honest as you work humbly to liberate everyone in the world from ignorance and suffering. USAGE NOTE: We employ the adjectival form . It contains graphic scenes of peace, love, joy, passion, reverence, splendor, and understanding.

Super Science Showcase watch with english subtitles in 4K 16:9. You will not find any references to harsh, buzzing fluorescent lights in a cheap hotel room where a heroin dealer plots to get revenge against the authorities at his old high school by releasing sarin gas into the teachers' lounge. There are no reports of Nazi skinheads obsessed with re- creating the 1. Tartars' war strategy of catapulting plague- ridden corpses into an enemy's citadel. Completely absent from these pages are any stories about a psychotic CEO of a Fortune 5. CIA, which wants to arrest him for the treasonous sale of his company's nanotech weapons technology to the Chinese. You should therefore proceed with caution if you are a jaded hipster who is suspicious of feeling healthy and happy.

Do I dare take the risk that exposing myself to uplifting entertainment might dull my intelligence? Brezsny's version takes away the fear and the finality and redefines apocalypse as a slow, subtle, revolving process of death and rebirth in which we're all invited to take part. In the end, according to him, we can't lose. But - - and this is the trick - - first we have to be willing to play the game. Brezsny argues that the game is stacked in favor not so much of steady happiness as happy accidents - - iridescent streams of fruitful, fulfilling or inspiring moments in the mundane. He wrote the book in order to provide evidence, tips and inspiration for people who sense that theory is right but who find that media and education provide little in the way of guidance.

I think the media tend to emphasize that part of human experience that doesn't work. There are a lot of people who don't identify that as their primary state of existence.

He writes everybody's favorite astrology column, Free Will Astrology. I dig him for his powerful yet playful insights, his poetry and his humor. I recently got turned onto his book, Pronoia is the Antidote for Paranoia. Believing not that the world is out to get you, but rather, the world is there to GIVE you, takes you to a powerful place. Today I salute him for his dedication to inspiration. More than any other celebrity I know of, he's out there feeding the conspiracy to shower blessings on all of creation.

In his blog, he encourages readers to view the world as a fount of glory; he urges them to be sources of goodness and gratitude. I'm glad to see that his song ? Here's what I suspect: The media may relentlessly wallow in news about what's wrong and bad and rotting, but many people are resisting that hypnotic hum as they wake up to the glorious other side of the story. Mirabilia Report(Mirabilia n. The top of the troposphere, the atmosphere's lowest layer, is slowly ascending.* To make a pound of honey, bees have to gather nectar from about two million flowers. To produce a single pound of the spice saffron, humans have to handpick and process 8.

In delivering the single survivor necessary to fertilize an ovum, a man releases 5. Some Christians really do love their enemies, as Jesus recommended.* Kind people are more likely than mean people to yawn when someone near them does.* There are always so many fragments of spider legs floating in the air that you are constantly inhaling them wherever you go.* . Tipler offers what he says is scientific proof that every human being who has ever lived will be resurrected from the dead at the end of time.* In the Ukraine you can buy Fat in Chocolate, a food with a layer of dark chocolate covering a chunk of pork fat.* Robust singing skill is correlated with a strong immune system in songbirds. Male birds with the most extensive repertoire of tunes also have the largest spleens, a key measure of immune system health.* Bali has 8.

Romanian physicists created gaseous globes of plasma that grew, reproduced, and communicated with each other, thereby fulfilling the definition for life.* In an apparent attempt to raise their volume above the prevailing human din, some nightingales in big cities have learned to unleash 9. There is a statistically significant probability of world- class athletes and military leaders being born when Mars is rising in the sky.* Some piranhas are vegetarians.* In the pueblos of New Mexico, bricks still measure 3. Egypt's Temple of Hatshepsut 3,5.

Childbirth is often joyful even though it's painful.* In hopes of calming flustered lawbreakers, Japanese cops have substituted the sound of church bells for sirens on police cars.* Scientists believe they'll be able to figure out why cancer cells are virtually immortal, and then apply the secret to keeping normal cells alive much longer, thereby dramatically expanding the human life span.* Clown fish can alter their gender as their social status rises.* When she is born, a baby girl has all the ova she will ever have.* Bluebirds cannot see the color blue.* Gregorian chants can cure dyslexia.* Bob Hope donated half a million jokes to the Library of Congress.* Bees perform a valuable service for the flowers from which they steal.* . People in the developed world live twice as long as they used to. They weigh more and grow taller. They're far hardier and healthier and smarter.

When sickness comes, they're better at defeating it than their ancestors were, and they're not as likely to contract diseases in the first place. In the mid- 1. 9th century, Americans of all ages were much sicker than they are now. Child mortality was almost 2.

Chronic malnutrition was a horrendous curse, compromising immune systems from birth. During the Civil War, one- sixth of the teenagers who applied to serve in the Union army were rejected because of chronic ailments like malaria, tuberculosis, arthritis, cardiovascular problems, and hernias. As for the older folks, the average ex- soldier in his 6. What happened between then and now? First, we harnessed electricity, made it universally available, and used it in a myriad ways to improve our lot.

All of the other boons I'm about to name - - improvements in our diet, medicine, sanitation, and workload - - were organized around this fantastic, unprophesied new resource. Our relationship with food has changed dramatically in the last century and a half. We discovered more accurate information about our nutritional needs and gained access to a greater variety and abundance of food. The perfection of the science of refrigeration and the eventual universal availability of refrigerators made a big difference, too.

Victory over widespread malnutrition meant that infants got a better start on building strong bodies, making them less susceptible to sickness throughout the course of their lives.