Pacific Ocean - Wikipedia. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east. At 6. 3,8. 00,0. 00 square miles (1. World Ocean—and, in turn, the hydrosphere—covers about 4. Earth's water surface and about one- third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The ocean's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1.
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South America was generally considered a . About 3. 00. 0 BC, the Austronesian peoples on the island of Taiwan mastered the art of long- distance canoe travel and spread themselves and their languages south to the Philippines, Indonesia, and maritime Southeast Asia; west towards Madagascar; southeast towards New Guinea and Melanesia (intermarrying with native Papuans); and east to the islands of Micronesia, Oceania and Polynesia. Trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 8. 78 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of this trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 2. 19 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality. From 1. 40. 4 to 1. Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean.
Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Stream Mystery Forest with english subtitles UHD. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically. The diversity of Australia’s features are significant and for those not familiar with the scale of the country, it is easy to think of it as a.
European exploration. Magellan called the ocean Pac. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history.
Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. Dutch explorers, sailing around southern Africa, also engaged in discovery and trade; Willem Janszoon, made the first completely documented European landing in Australia (1.
Cape York Peninsula. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non- Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines. Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska.
The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest. In 1. 76. 8, Pierre- Antoine V. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of HMS Beagle in the 1.
Charles Darwin aboard; HMS Challenger during the 1. USS Tuscarora (1. German Gazelle (1. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations. However, by the end of that war, Japan was defeated and the U.
S. Pacific Fleet was the virtual master of the ocean. Since the end of World War II, many former colonies in the Pacific have become independent states. Geography. It may be further subdivided by the equator into northern (North Pacific) and southern (South Pacific) portions.
It extends from the Antarctic region in the South to the Arctic in the north. Its average depth is 1.
By contrast, the Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size. The Indonesian Seaway (including the Strait of Malacca and Torres Strait) joins the Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the west, and Drake Passage and the Strait of Magellan link the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. To the north, the Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean. However, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many tropical storms batter the islands of the Pacific.
For more information, see political status of Taiwan. Territories. There are actually more than 2. Pacific Ocean. Micronesia, which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line, includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest, the Caroline Islands in the center, the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southwest. The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz, Vanuatu, Fiji and New Caledonia. Continental islands lie outside the andesite line and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the Philippines. Some of these islands are structurally associated with nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes.
Among these are Bougainville, Hawaii, and the Solomon Islands. One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include Banaba (formerly Ocean Island) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia. The water near the equator, which can have a salinity as low as 3.
The lowest counts of less than 3. The North Equatorial Current, driven westward along latitude 1. Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south- flowing California Current.
As it approaches the Chilean coast, the South Equatorial Current divides; one branch flows around Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current. The trade winds in the southern and eastern Pacific are remarkably steady while conditions in the North Pacific are far more varied with, for example, cold winter temperatures on the east coast of Russia contrasting with the milder weather off British Columbia during the winter months due to the preferred flow of ocean currents. To determine the phase of ENSO, the most recent three- month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately 1,9.
Hawaii is computed, and if the region is more than 0. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month.
November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active. Pacific hurricanes form south of Mexico, sometimes striking the western Mexican coast and occasionally the southwestern United States between June and October, while typhoons forming in the northwestern Pacific moving into southeast and east Asia from May to December. Tropical cyclones also form in the South Pacific basin, where they occasionally impact island nations. In the arctic, icing from October to May can present a hazard for shipping while persistent fog occurs from June to December.
The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid- Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica. In the Southern hemisphere, because of the stormy and cloudy conditions associated with extratropical cyclones riding the jet stream, it is usual to refer to the Westerlies as the Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude. To Magellan, it seemed much more calm (pacific) than the Atlantic.
A petrologic boundary, it separates the deeper, maficigneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of felsic igneous rock on its margins. Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand lie outside the andesite line. Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin.
Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome- shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the andesite line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and the Pacific Ring of Fire is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism. Only the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones. Geological history.
These include the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain and the Louisville Ridge. Economy. In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, petroleum and natural gas are extracted, and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Philippines, although in sharply declining volume in some cases. The shallower shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield herring, salmon, sardines, snapper, swordfish, and tuna, as well as shellfish. For example, catches in the rich fishing grounds of the Okhotsk Sea off the Russian coast have been reduced by at least half since the 1. The main culprits are those using the rivers for disposing of their waste. The excess of oxygen- depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.
Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. Monte Carlo, Monaco: International Hydrographic Organization. Retrieved 1. 2 June 2. Retrieved 4 July 2. Retrieved 3. 1 October 2. Retrieved 2. 0 April 2.
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